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Santa Cruz Biotechnology gabpβ
Gabpβ, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 21678 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/product/gabp%CE%B2/GAPDH+Antibody/pm37276924-75-57-60
Average 97 stars, based on 21678 article reviews

gabpβ - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10

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Article Title: Recombinant human neuregulin-1 alleviates immobilization-induced neuromuscular dysfunction via neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling pathway in rat.
Article Snippet: Immobilization-induced Neuromuscular Dysfunction (NMD) increases morbidity and mortality of patients in Intensive Care Units.. However, the underlying mechanism of NMD remain poorly elucidated which limited the development of therapeutic method for NMD.. Here we developed an immobilization rat model and tested the hypothesis that decreased expression of NRG-1, abnormal expression and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in skeletal muscle caused by immobilization can lead to NMD.

Incubation:

Imaging:

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Figure 2. GABP Expression is Speciﬁcally Augmented in Mesangial Cells under Diabetic Conditions. A) The protein and B) mRNA expression levels of GABP𝛼and GABP𝛽in db/m and db/db mice at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age, n = 5. C) Correlation analysis between GABP expression in serum and UACR in db/m and db/db mice at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age, n = 6. D,E) Immunohistochemical analysis of GABP𝛼and GABP𝛽expression in the kidney of db/m and db/db mice at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age (Scale bar: 50 and 20 μm), n = 6. F,G) Colocalization of GABP𝛼/GABP𝛽and PDGFR𝛽by

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: GABP Promotes Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Renal Fibrosis Through GLI1 in Diabetic Nephropathy.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202407462

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. GABP Expression is Speciﬁcally Augmented in Mesangial Cells under Diabetic Conditions. A) The protein and B) mRNA expression levels of GABP𝛼and GABP𝛽in db/m and db/db mice at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age, n = 5. C) Correlation analysis between GABP expression in serum and UACR in db/m and db/db mice at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age, n = 6. D,E) Immunohistochemical analysis of GABP𝛼and GABP𝛽expression in the kidney of db/m and db/db mice at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age (Scale bar: 50 and 20 μm), n = 6. F,G) Colocalization of GABP𝛼/GABP𝛽and PDGFR𝛽by

Article Snippet: Antibodies: The following antibodies were used: GABPα (21542-1-AP, Proteintech, WB: 1:2000, IHC: 1:50, IF/ICC: 1:200), GABPβ (12597-1-AP, Proteintech, WB: 1:1000, IHC: 1:50, IF/ICC: 1:500), GLI1 (66905-1-Ig, Proteintech, WB: 1:5000, IF/ICC: 1:400) and Fibronectin (15613-1-AP, Proteintech, WB: 1:2000, IHC: 1:2000, IF/ICC: 1:50) for Western blotting, IHC and Adv.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining

Figure 5. RNA-seq Identiﬁed GLI1 as the Target Gene for GABP. A) Cluster heat map analysis for transcriptomic analysis; B,C) Volcanic map for transcrip- tomic analysis; D) Classical pathway analysis of GABP overexpress; E) Classical pathway analysis of GABP knockdown; F) Diﬀerential gene Venn diagram; G) Diﬀerential gene IPA network diagram; H) The nine diﬀerential genes generate Gene-phenotype connections are mapped by VarElect; I) Correlation analysis between GABP𝛼and GLI1; J,K) The mRNA expression levels of GLI1 in the kidney of mice, n = 5; L,M) The protein expression level of GLI1 in the

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: GABP Promotes Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Renal Fibrosis Through GLI1 in Diabetic Nephropathy.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202407462

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. RNA-seq Identiﬁed GLI1 as the Target Gene for GABP. A) Cluster heat map analysis for transcriptomic analysis; B,C) Volcanic map for transcrip- tomic analysis; D) Classical pathway analysis of GABP overexpress; E) Classical pathway analysis of GABP knockdown; F) Diﬀerential gene Venn diagram; G) Diﬀerential gene IPA network diagram; H) The nine diﬀerential genes generate Gene-phenotype connections are mapped by VarElect; I) Correlation analysis between GABP𝛼and GLI1; J,K) The mRNA expression levels of GLI1 in the kidney of mice, n = 5; L,M) The protein expression level of GLI1 in the

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Knockdown, Expressing

Figure 6. Speciﬁc Expression of GLI1 in Mesangial Cells and Positive Regulation of GLI1 Expression by GABP in vivo. A) The protein expression levels of GLI1 in glomerular mesangial cells (MC), endothelial cells (EC), podocytes (PC), renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC), and mononuclear macrophages cells (RAW) n = 3; B) Immunoﬂuorescence staining was used to detect the expression of GLI1 and PDGFR𝛽in the kidney of db/m and db/db mice (PDGFR𝛽, green ﬂuorescence; GLI1, red ﬂuorescence; Scale bar: 20 μm); C) The protein and mRNA expression levels of GLI1 in glomerular mesangial cells; D,E) The mRNA expression of GLI1 in mesangial cells; F,G) The protein expression levels of GLI1 in mesangial cells. n = 3; H) ChIP-qPCR was used to detect the binding of GABP to the GLI1 promoter in mesangial cells; I) Dual luciferase reporter assay of transcription activation for GABP𝛼and 𝛽on GLI1; J) Prediction of potential binding sites of GABP and GLI1 via JASPAR; K) Dual-luciferase reporter assay to detect the predicted binding site of mutant GLI1 to GABP; L,M) The mRNA expression levels of PTCH1, VEGFC, VEGFD and Snail in mesangial cells. NG: normal mesangial cell; OV: normal mesangial cell with vector; OE: normal mesangial cell with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus; HG: mesangial cell with 30 mM glucose; HKV: high glucose cultured mesangial cell with vector; HKD: high glucose cultured mesangial cell with GABP𝛽-knockdown lentivirus. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical signiﬁcance was assessed using an unpaired t-test (C, L, M, K) or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (D, E, F, G, I, N) or two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to NG, OV or HKV.

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: GABP Promotes Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Renal Fibrosis Through GLI1 in Diabetic Nephropathy.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202407462

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. Speciﬁc Expression of GLI1 in Mesangial Cells and Positive Regulation of GLI1 Expression by GABP in vivo. A) The protein expression levels of GLI1 in glomerular mesangial cells (MC), endothelial cells (EC), podocytes (PC), renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC), and mononuclear macrophages cells (RAW) n = 3; B) Immunoﬂuorescence staining was used to detect the expression of GLI1 and PDGFR𝛽in the kidney of db/m and db/db mice (PDGFR𝛽, green ﬂuorescence; GLI1, red ﬂuorescence; Scale bar: 20 μm); C) The protein and mRNA expression levels of GLI1 in glomerular mesangial cells; D,E) The mRNA expression of GLI1 in mesangial cells; F,G) The protein expression levels of GLI1 in mesangial cells. n = 3; H) ChIP-qPCR was used to detect the binding of GABP to the GLI1 promoter in mesangial cells; I) Dual luciferase reporter assay of transcription activation for GABP𝛼and 𝛽on GLI1; J) Prediction of potential binding sites of GABP and GLI1 via JASPAR; K) Dual-luciferase reporter assay to detect the predicted binding site of mutant GLI1 to GABP; L,M) The mRNA expression levels of PTCH1, VEGFC, VEGFD and Snail in mesangial cells. NG: normal mesangial cell; OV: normal mesangial cell with vector; OE: normal mesangial cell with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus; HG: mesangial cell with 30 mM glucose; HKV: high glucose cultured mesangial cell with vector; HKD: high glucose cultured mesangial cell with GABP𝛽-knockdown lentivirus. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical signiﬁcance was assessed using an unpaired t-test (C, L, M, K) or one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (D, E, F, G, I, N) or two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to NG, OV or HKV.

Techniques: Expressing, In Vivo, Staining, ChIP-qPCR, Binding Assay, Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Activation Assay, Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Over Expression, Cell Culture, Knockdown

Figure 7. GABP Regulates Cell Proliferation and ECM by Inducing GLI1 Expression in Mesangial Cells. A–C) The mRNA expression levels of Collagen I, Fibronectin, and Collagen IV, n = 3; D) The protein expression levels of Collagen I and Fibronectin, n = 3; E,F) The accumulation of Fibronectin and Collagen I in cells was detected by immunoﬂuorescence (DAPI, blue ﬂuorescence; Fibronectin/Collagen I, red ﬂuorescence; Scale bar: 20 μm). NG: normal mesangial cell group (5.56 mmol L−1 glucose concentration); HG: mesangial cell with 30 mM glucose group; HG+DMSO: high glucose cultured mesangial cell with DMSO control group; HG+GANT61: high glucose cultured mesangial cells with 10 μM GANT61 group; GABP: normal mesangial cells with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus; GABP+DMSO: normal mesangial cells with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus and DMSO group; GABP+GANT61: normal mesangial cells with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus and 10 μM GANT61 group; Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical signiﬁcance was assessed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to the NG group, #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, compared to the HG group, @p < 0.05, @@p < 0.01, compared to the GABP group.

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: GABP Promotes Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Renal Fibrosis Through GLI1 in Diabetic Nephropathy.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202407462

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. GABP Regulates Cell Proliferation and ECM by Inducing GLI1 Expression in Mesangial Cells. A–C) The mRNA expression levels of Collagen I, Fibronectin, and Collagen IV, n = 3; D) The protein expression levels of Collagen I and Fibronectin, n = 3; E,F) The accumulation of Fibronectin and Collagen I in cells was detected by immunoﬂuorescence (DAPI, blue ﬂuorescence; Fibronectin/Collagen I, red ﬂuorescence; Scale bar: 20 μm). NG: normal mesangial cell group (5.56 mmol L−1 glucose concentration); HG: mesangial cell with 30 mM glucose group; HG+DMSO: high glucose cultured mesangial cell with DMSO control group; HG+GANT61: high glucose cultured mesangial cells with 10 μM GANT61 group; GABP: normal mesangial cells with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus; GABP+DMSO: normal mesangial cells with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus and DMSO group; GABP+GANT61: normal mesangial cells with GABP𝛼/𝛽-overexpression lentivirus and 10 μM GANT61 group; Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical signiﬁcance was assessed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, compared to the NG group, #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, compared to the HG group, @p < 0.05, @@p < 0.01, compared to the GABP group.

Techniques: Expressing, Concentration Assay, Cell Culture, Control, Over Expression

Figure 8. Inhibition of GLI1 Eﬀectively Ameliorated GABP-Mediated Renal Fibrosis in Diabetic Mice. A) Experimental procedure of GANT61 administra- tion in db/m+OE mice; B) Kidney volume and weight of mice, n = 6; C) BUN, Cre, UACR, Cys-C, 𝛼1-MG and albumin of mice, n = 6; D) Transmission electron microscopy (Scale bar: 2 μm), PAS staining (Positive area: red), PASM staining (Positive area: black), Masson staining (Positive area: blue) and Sirius red staining (Positive area: red) of kidney tissue in mice (Scale bar: 20 μm); E,F) The quantitation of Masson and Sirius red postive staining areas, n = 6; G) The protein expression level of FN and Collagen I in mice kidney by western blot, n = 6; H) Experimental procedure of GANT61 administration in db/db mice; I) Kidney volume and weight of mice, n = 6; J) BUN, Cre, UACR, Cys-C, 𝛼-MG and albumin of mice, n = 6; K) Transmission electron microscopy (Scale bar: 2 μm), PAS staining (Positive area: red), PASM staining (Positive area: black), Masson staining (Positive area: blue) and Sirius red staining (Positive area: red) of kidney tissue in mice (Scale bar: 20 μm); L,M) The quantitation of Masson and Sirius red postive staining areas, n = 6;

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: GABP Promotes Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Renal Fibrosis Through GLI1 in Diabetic Nephropathy.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202407462

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 8. Inhibition of GLI1 Eﬀectively Ameliorated GABP-Mediated Renal Fibrosis in Diabetic Mice. A) Experimental procedure of GANT61 administra- tion in db/m+OE mice; B) Kidney volume and weight of mice, n = 6; C) BUN, Cre, UACR, Cys-C, 𝛼1-MG and albumin of mice, n = 6; D) Transmission electron microscopy (Scale bar: 2 μm), PAS staining (Positive area: red), PASM staining (Positive area: black), Masson staining (Positive area: blue) and Sirius red staining (Positive area: red) of kidney tissue in mice (Scale bar: 20 μm); E,F) The quantitation of Masson and Sirius red postive staining areas, n = 6; G) The protein expression level of FN and Collagen I in mice kidney by western blot, n = 6; H) Experimental procedure of GANT61 administration in db/db mice; I) Kidney volume and weight of mice, n = 6; J) BUN, Cre, UACR, Cys-C, 𝛼-MG and albumin of mice, n = 6; K) Transmission electron microscopy (Scale bar: 2 μm), PAS staining (Positive area: red), PASM staining (Positive area: black), Masson staining (Positive area: blue) and Sirius red staining (Positive area: red) of kidney tissue in mice (Scale bar: 20 μm); L,M) The quantitation of Masson and Sirius red postive staining areas, n = 6;

Techniques: Inhibition, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Staining, Quantitation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot

Figure 9. Machine Learning Approach Evaluates the Clinical Diagnostic Eﬃcacy of GABP in Diabetic Nephropathy. A) The expression levels of GABP in human serum on healthy control volunteers (HC), type 2 diabetes without any kidney disease (DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) groups; B) The serum expression levels of GABP in diﬀerent stage of diabetic nephropathy (A1: UACR < 30 mg g−1, A2: UACR 30–300 mg g−1, A3: UACR > 300 mg g−1); C) Correlation analysis between GABP expression in serum and estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate (eGFR) of patient; D) Correlation analysis between GLI1 expression and eGFR of patient in the Nephroseq; E) Correlation analysis between GLI1 expression and serum creatinine of patient in the Nephroseq; F) The relative expression levels of GLI1 in normal nephrectomy samples adjacent to tumors (Control), diﬀerent stage of diabetic nephropathy (Early DN: UACR between 30 and 300 mg g−1, eGFR >90 mL min−1/1.73 m2; advanced DN: UACR >300 mg g−1, eGFR <90 mL min−1/1.73 m2), Data sourced from GSE142025 in the GEO; G,H) The relationship between the model error rate and the number of decision trees without GABP. The red line represents the error rate of DM prediction, the green line represents the error rate of DN prediction, and the black line represents the error rate of out-of-pocket samples. I,J) ROC curve of (G, H) model. K,L) The top 10 important variables of (G, H) model. M) ROC curve of several renal function indexes, n = 120. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical signiﬁcance was assessed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared to the HC or Control group, ##p < 0.01, compared to the DM group.

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: GABP Promotes Mesangial Cell Proliferation and Renal Fibrosis Through GLI1 in Diabetic Nephropathy.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202407462

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 9. Machine Learning Approach Evaluates the Clinical Diagnostic Eﬃcacy of GABP in Diabetic Nephropathy. A) The expression levels of GABP in human serum on healthy control volunteers (HC), type 2 diabetes without any kidney disease (DM), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) groups; B) The serum expression levels of GABP in diﬀerent stage of diabetic nephropathy (A1: UACR < 30 mg g−1, A2: UACR 30–300 mg g−1, A3: UACR > 300 mg g−1); C) Correlation analysis between GABP expression in serum and estimated glomerular ﬁltration rate (eGFR) of patient; D) Correlation analysis between GLI1 expression and eGFR of patient in the Nephroseq; E) Correlation analysis between GLI1 expression and serum creatinine of patient in the Nephroseq; F) The relative expression levels of GLI1 in normal nephrectomy samples adjacent to tumors (Control), diﬀerent stage of diabetic nephropathy (Early DN: UACR between 30 and 300 mg g−1, eGFR >90 mL min−1/1.73 m2; advanced DN: UACR >300 mg g−1, eGFR <90 mL min−1/1.73 m2), Data sourced from GSE142025 in the GEO; G,H) The relationship between the model error rate and the number of decision trees without GABP. The red line represents the error rate of DM prediction, the green line represents the error rate of DN prediction, and the black line represents the error rate of out-of-pocket samples. I,J) ROC curve of (G, H) model. K,L) The top 10 important variables of (G, H) model. M) ROC curve of several renal function indexes, n = 120. Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical signiﬁcance was assessed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared to the HC or Control group, ##p < 0.01, compared to the DM group.

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Expressing, Control

Temporal progression of kidney damage. ( A ) Representative Western blots of renal damage markers and fibrotic markers. ( B ) Quantifications of renal damage markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), as well as the profibrotic molecule transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). β-Actin was used as loading control. Data are the mean ± SEM, n = 4. Tukey test. a = p ≤ 0.05 vs. sham, b = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 2 days, c = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 4 days, d = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 7 days, e = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 14 days, sham = simulated operation/control group. ( C ) Representative micrographs of kidney: ( C1 ) Normal kidney histology from sham animal. ( C2 ) After 2 days of 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx), there were occasional cortical proximal tubules with flattened epithelium that correspond to tubular atrophy (arrows). ( C3 ) After 1 week of nephrectomy, more tubules showed extensive epithelium damage (arrows). ( C4 ) After 2 weeks of kidney resection, even more tubules show epithelial damage with hyaline casts in their lumen (asterisks). ( C5 ) After 5/6Nx, there were numerous atrophic and dilated tubules (asterisks), as well as a glomerulus with mesangial hypercellularity surrounded by mild inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis. ( C6 ) The morphometric determination of tubular damage confirmed the progressive tubular damage when compared with the sham simulated/control group (S). (H/E staining, all micrographs 200× magnification, scale magnification bar = 50 µm).

Journal: Biology

Article Title: Progressive Reduction in Mitochondrial Mass Is Triggered by Alterations in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Dynamics in Chronic Kidney Disease Induced by 5/6 Nephrectomy

doi: 10.3390/biology10050349

Figure Lengend Snippet: Temporal progression of kidney damage. ( A ) Representative Western blots of renal damage markers and fibrotic markers. ( B ) Quantifications of renal damage markers kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), as well as the profibrotic molecule transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). β-Actin was used as loading control. Data are the mean ± SEM, n = 4. Tukey test. a = p ≤ 0.05 vs. sham, b = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 2 days, c = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 4 days, d = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 7 days, e = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 14 days, sham = simulated operation/control group. ( C ) Representative micrographs of kidney: ( C1 ) Normal kidney histology from sham animal. ( C2 ) After 2 days of 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx), there were occasional cortical proximal tubules with flattened epithelium that correspond to tubular atrophy (arrows). ( C3 ) After 1 week of nephrectomy, more tubules showed extensive epithelium damage (arrows). ( C4 ) After 2 weeks of kidney resection, even more tubules show epithelial damage with hyaline casts in their lumen (asterisks). ( C5 ) After 5/6Nx, there were numerous atrophic and dilated tubules (asterisks), as well as a glomerulus with mesangial hypercellularity surrounded by mild inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis. ( C6 ) The morphometric determination of tubular damage confirmed the progressive tubular damage when compared with the sham simulated/control group (S). (H/E staining, all micrographs 200× magnification, scale magnification bar = 50 µm).

Article Snippet: Anti-guanine adenine (GA)-binding protein subunit beta-1 (GABP-β 1⁄2 or nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2), sc-271571, 1:1000 dilution), anti- nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) (sc-33771, 1:2000 dilution), anti-neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) (sc-515876, 1:10,000 dilution), anti-profibrotic molecule transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) (sc-130348, 1:1000 dilution), anti-dynamin-1-like protein (DRP1) (sc-32898, 1:1000 dilution), anti-mitofusin-1 (MFN1) (sc-50330, 1:1000 dilution), and anti-mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1) (sc-98900, 1:1000 dilution) were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Control, Staining

Progressive decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis in remnant renal mass. ( A ) Western blots and ( B ) quantifications of mitochondrial proteins: voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and 2 (NRF2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). β-Actin was used as loading control. ( C ) Correlation analyses of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), profibrotic molecule transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with PGC-1α, NRF1, or TFAM. Data are the mean ± SEM, n = 4. Tukey test. a = p ≤ 0.05 vs sham, b = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 2 days, c = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 4 days, d = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 7 days, e = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 14 days, 5/6Nx = 5/6 nephrectomy, d = days after 5/6Nx, sham = simulated operation/control group.

Journal: Biology

Article Title: Progressive Reduction in Mitochondrial Mass Is Triggered by Alterations in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Dynamics in Chronic Kidney Disease Induced by 5/6 Nephrectomy

doi: 10.3390/biology10050349

Figure Lengend Snippet: Progressive decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis in remnant renal mass. ( A ) Western blots and ( B ) quantifications of mitochondrial proteins: voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and 2 (NRF2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). β-Actin was used as loading control. ( C ) Correlation analyses of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), profibrotic molecule transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with PGC-1α, NRF1, or TFAM. Data are the mean ± SEM, n = 4. Tukey test. a = p ≤ 0.05 vs sham, b = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 2 days, c = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 4 days, d = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 7 days, e = p ≤ 0.05 vs. 14 days, 5/6Nx = 5/6 nephrectomy, d = days after 5/6Nx, sham = simulated operation/control group.

Techniques: Western Blot, Control

Evolution of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics changes in the time interval between day 2 and day 28 after 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx). In this interval, there is a progressive reduction in the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and 2 (NRF2), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which implies the downregulation of the mitochondrial biogenesis machinery over time. This reduction appears from day 2 and is progressive over time, triggering the decrease in mitochondrial proteins such as voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) from day 2 to day 28. There is a positive correlation between the reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis factors and the increase in the tubular damage proteins kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and the fibrotic markers transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). In addition, a slow and gradual change in mitochondrial dynamics from fusion to fission is also shown. This trend started with a reduction on day 2 after 5/6Nx in the fusion proteins mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), favoring the mitochondrial fragmentation observed from 7 days, and continued with an increase in dynamin-1-like protein (DRP1) 28 days after surgery. In addition, macroautophagy markers ubiquitin-binding protein p62 and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B I and II (LC3B-I/II) progressively increased with the time, implying the induction of autophagy. This mechanism would principally be present at a chronic stage.

Journal: Biology

Article Title: Progressive Reduction in Mitochondrial Mass Is Triggered by Alterations in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Dynamics in Chronic Kidney Disease Induced by 5/6 Nephrectomy

doi: 10.3390/biology10050349

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evolution of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics changes in the time interval between day 2 and day 28 after 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx). In this interval, there is a progressive reduction in the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and 2 (NRF2), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which implies the downregulation of the mitochondrial biogenesis machinery over time. This reduction appears from day 2 and is progressive over time, triggering the decrease in mitochondrial proteins such as voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) from day 2 to day 28. There is a positive correlation between the reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis factors and the increase in the tubular damage proteins kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and the fibrotic markers transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). In addition, a slow and gradual change in mitochondrial dynamics from fusion to fission is also shown. This trend started with a reduction on day 2 after 5/6Nx in the fusion proteins mitofusin 2 (MFN2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), favoring the mitochondrial fragmentation observed from 7 days, and continued with an increase in dynamin-1-like protein (DRP1) 28 days after surgery. In addition, macroautophagy markers ubiquitin-binding protein p62 and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B I and II (LC3B-I/II) progressively increased with the time, implying the induction of autophagy. This mechanism would principally be present at a chronic stage.

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Binding Assay

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